The following studies are provided for general information purposes only. Nothing on this webpage, or in the referenced studies, should be considered as support for pesticidal claims of a specific product, nor as pesticidal claims in connection with an offer for sale or distribution of a specific product, nor is the information intended to suggest that any specific copper product will perform in a certain way. In general, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) requires that all pesticides, including all antimicrobial pesticide products, distributed or sold must be registered by EPA and distributed bearing their EPA-approved pesticide label, which includes specific directions for use. In addition, it is unlawful for any person to sell or distribute: (1) an unregistered pesticide; or (2) a registered pesticide with claims that differ from those approved by EPA. Further testing would be required to support any EPA-registered product label claims against SARS-CoV-2.
Open Access papers are prefaced with the open access icon 
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Clinical/Field Trials
In vitro Evalulation of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Durability of Three Copper Surfaces Used in Healthcare. E Bryce, B Velapatino, HA Khorami, T Donnelly-Pierce, T Wong, R Dixon, E Asselin. Biointerphases, February 2020
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.5134676
Copper for the Prevention of Outbreaks of Health Care–Associated Infections in a Long-term Care Facility for Older Adults. S Zerbib, L Vallet, A Muggeo, C de Champs, A Lefebvre, D Jolly, L Kanagaratnam. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, February 2019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861019302294
Copper Alloy Touch Surfaces in Healthcare Facilities: An Effective Solution to Prevent Bacterial Spreading. Marius Colin, Flora Klingelschmitt, Emilie Charpentier, Jérôme Josse, Lukshe Kanagaratnam, Christophe De Champs, Sophie C. Gangloff. MDPI, December 2018.
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/11/12/2479
Antimicrobial efficacy and compatibility of solid copper alloys with chemical disinfectants. Katrin Steinhauer, Sonja Meyer, Jens Pfannebecker, Karin Teckemeyer, Klaus Ockenfeld, Klaus Weber, Barbara Becker. PLOS ONE, August 2018
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200748
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. M Vincent, R E Duval, P Hartemann, M Engels‐Deutsch. Journal of Applied Microbiology, December 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jam.13681
Reduction of Bacterial Burden by Copper Alloys on High-touch Athletic Center Surfaces. Z Ibrahim, A Petrusan, P Hooke, S Hinsa-Leasure. American Journal of Infection Control, August 2017
https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(17)31008-8/fulltext
Reduction of Environmental Contamination With Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by Copper-Alloy Coating of Surfaces in a Highly Endemic Setting. Maria Souli, Anastasia Antoniadou, Ioannis Katsarolis, Irini Mavrou. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, May 2017
The Role of Copper Surfaces in Reducing the Incidence of Healthcare-associated infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ignacio Pineda, Richard Hubbard,Francisca Rodríguez. Canadian Journal of Infection Control, Spring 2017
https://ipac-canada.org/photos/custom/CJIC/IPAC_Spring2017_Pineda.pdf
Potential of Copper Alloys to Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital Infection Rates. Michels and Michels, Internal Medicine Review, March 2017
Antimicrobial Copper Alloys Decreased Bacteria on Stethoscope Surfaces. Michael G. Schmidt et al. American Journal of Infection Control. 2017.
https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(17)30094-9/abstract
Copper as an Antibacterial Material in Different Facilities. J. Inkinen, R. Mäkinen, M.M. Keinänen-Toivola, K. Nordström, M. Ahonen. Letters in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 64, Issue 1, January 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/lam.12680
Copper Alloy Surfaces Sustain Terminal Cleaning Levels in a Rural Hospital. Shannon M. Hinsa-Leasure, Queenster Nartey, Justin Vaverka, Michael G. Schmidt. American Journal of Infection Control, 28 September 2016
https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(16)30751-9/fulltext
Perspectives From the Field in Response to “It is Time to Revise our Approach to Registering Antimicrobial Agents for Health Care Settings”. Michael G. Schmidt, Joseph J. John Jr., Katherine D. Freeman, Peter A. Sharpe, Adam A. Estelle, Harold T. Michels. American Journal of Infection Control, 9 August 2016
https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(16)30551-X/abstract
Copper Alloys - The New ‘Old’ Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Disease. Harold T. Michels, Corinne A. Michels, Current Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 10 2016
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=10&tid=41&aid=5817&pub=2016&type=3
Antimicrobial Applications of Copper. Marin Vincent, Philippe Hartemann, Marc Engels-Deutsch. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.003
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463916300669
Potential Effectiveness of Copper Surfaces in Reducing Health Care–associated Infection Rates in a Pediatric Intensive and Intermediate Care Unit: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. Bettina von Dessauer Maria S. Navarrete, Dona Benadof, Carmen Benavente, Michael G. Schmidt. American Journal of Infection Control. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.053
https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(16)30338-8/fulltext
Copper Surfaces are Associated with Significantly Lower Concentrations of Bacteria on Selected Surfaces within a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Michael G. Schmidt PhD; Bettina von Dessauer MD; Carmen Benavente MD; Dona Benadof MD; Paulina Cifuentes RN; Alicia Elgueta RN; Claudia Duran MS; Maria S. Navarrete MD MPH. American Journal of Infection Control, Corrected proof. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.09
https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(15)00981-5/fulltext
From Laboratory Research to a Clinical Trial: Copper Alloy Surfaces Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital-Acquired Infections. Michels, H.T. 2015. Health Env Research & Design Journal. 1–16.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1937586715592650
Implementation of Antimicrobial Copper in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. P Efstathiou, M Anagnostakou, E Kouskouni, C Petropoulou, K Karageorgou, Z Manolidou, S Papanikolaou, M Tseroni, E Logothetis, V Karyoti. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2013, 2(Suppl1):O68.
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-O68
Financial Benefits after the Implementation of Antimicrobial Copper in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). P Efstathiou, E Kouskouni, S Papanikolaou, K Karageorgou, Z Manolidou, M Tseroni, E Logothetis, C Petropoulou, V Karyoti. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2013, 2(Suppl 1):P369
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-P369
Antimicrobial Copper (Cu+) Implementation and its Influence to the Epidemiological Data in Elementary School Population. P Efstathiou, E Kouskouni, K Karageorgou, M Tseroni, Z Manolidou, S Papanikolaou, E Logothetis, H Tzouma, C Petropoulou, I Agrafa. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2013, 2(Suppl 1):P370
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-P370
Copper Surfaces Reduce the Rate of Healthcare-Acquired Infections in the Intensive Care Unit. Cassandra D Salgado, MD; Kent A Sepkowitz, MD; Joseph F John, MD; J Robert Cantey, MD; Hubert H Attaway, MS; Katherine D Freeman, DrPH; Peter A Sharpe, MBA; Harold T Michels, PhD; Michael G Schmidt, PhD. ICHE, Vol. Vol. 34, No. 5, 2013., Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology , Vol. 34, No. 5, Special Topic Issue: The Role of the Environment in Infection Prevention (May 2013), pp. 479-486.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670207#full_text_tab_contents
Copper Continuously Limits the Concentration of Bacteria Resident on Bed Rails within the Intensive Care Unit. Michael G Schmidt, PhD; Hubert H Attaway III, MS; Sarah E Fairey, BS; Lisa L Steed, PhD; Harold T Michels, PhD; Cassandra D Salgado, MD, MS Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Vol. 34, No. 5. May 2013.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670224?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Experimental Tests of Copper Components in Ventilation Systems for Microbial Control. Charles Feigley, Jamil Khan, Deborah Salzberg, James Hussey, Hubert Attaway, Lisa Steed, Michael Schmidt and Harold Michels, (2013), HVAC&R Research, 19:1, 53-62
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10789669.2012.735150?journalCode=uhvc20
Antimicrobial Effect of Copper on Multidrug-resistant Bacteria. G. Steindl, S. Heuberger and B. Springer. Wiener Tierärztliche Monatsschrift – Veterinary Medicine Austria 99 (2012).
Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? O’Gorman J, Humphreys H, Journal of Hospital Infection (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.009.
https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(12)00165-X/abstract
Sustained Reduction of Microbial Burden on Common Hospital Surfaces through Introduction of Copper. Michael G Schmidt, Hubert H Attaway, Peter A Sharpe, Joseph John Jr, Kent A Sepkowitz, Andrew Morgan, Sarah E Fairey, Susan Singh, Lisa L Steed, J Robert Cantey, Katherine D Freeman, Harold T Michels, Cassandra D Salgado J Clin Microbiol July 2012 vol 50
https://jcm.asm.org/content/50/7/2217?sid=69a977c8-f292-41e8-ab6d-374d24330521
Characterization and Control of the Microbial Community Affiliated with Copper or Aluminum Heat Exchangers of HVAC Systems. Michael G Schmidt, Hubert H Attaway, Silva Terzieva, Anna Marshall, Lisa L Steed, Deborah Salzberg, Hameed A Hamoodi, Jamil A Khan, Charles E Feigley, Harold T Michels. Curr Microbiol, 2012 May 9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378845/
Antimicrobial activity of different copper alloy surfaces against copper resistant and sensitive Salmonella enterica. Libin Zhu, Jutta Elguindi, Christopher Rensing, Sadhana Ravishankar, Article in Food Microbiology 30 (2012) 303-310. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740002011002735?via%3Dihub
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Copper Alloy Furnishing in the Clinical Environment; a Cross-over Study. Karpanen T J, Casey A L, Lambert P A, Cookson B D, Nightingale P, Miruszenko L and Elliott T S J. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Jan 2012
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/663644#full_text_tab_contents
The Role of Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces in Reducing Healthcare-associated Infections, Panos A Efstathiou, European Infectious Disease, 2011;5(2):125-8
Science, Technology and Design: Harnessing Copper’s Antimicrobial Power – A Review. Mark Tur, Proceedings of 2011 European Design 4 Health Conference, Sheffield, UK. 13-15th July 2011
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/359004/1/D4H2011_proceedings_v5a.pdf#page=329
Metallic Copper as an Antimicrobial Surface. Gregor Grass, Christopher Rensing and Marc Solioz, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. March 2011, pp 1541-1547. Vol 77, No 5. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02766-10,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067274/
A Pilot Study to Determine the Effectiveness of Copper in Reducing the Microbial Burden (MB) of Objects in Rooms of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Patients. C D Salgado, A Morgan, K A Sepkowitz et al. Poster 183, 5th Decennial International Conference on Healthcare-Associated Infections, Atlanta, March 29, 2010
https://shea.confex.com/shea/2010/webprogram/Paper1590.html
Effectiveness of copper contact surfaces in reducing the microbial burden (MB) in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Hospital del Cobre, Calama, Chile. V Prado, C Durán, M Crestto, A Gutierrez, P Sapiain, G Flores, H Fabres, C Tardito, M Schmidt. Poster 56.044, presented at the 14th International Conference on Infectious Diseases, Miami, March 11, 2010.
Survival of Bacteria on Metallic Copper Surfaces in a Hospital Trial. André Mikolay, Susanne Huggett, Ladji Tikana, Gregor Grass, Jörg Braun and Dietrich H Nies. Applied Microbial and Cell Physiology,DOI 10.1007/s00253-010-2640-1. May 2010
Performance of Ultramicrofibre Cleaning Technology with or without Addition of a Novel Copper-Based Biocide. D Hamilton, A Foster, L Ballantyne, P Kingsmore, D Bedwell, T J Hall, S S Hickok, A Jeanes, P G Coen, V A Gant, Journal of Hospital Infection (2010) 74, 62-71. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.08.006.
https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701%2809%2900345-4/abstract
Role of Copper in Reducing Hospital Environment Contamination. A L Casey, D Adams, T J Karpanen, P A Lambert, B D Cookson, P Nightingale, L Miruszenko, R Shillam, P Christian and T S J Elliott, J Hosp Infect (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.08.018.
https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701%2809%2900408-3/abstract
Antimicrobial efficacy of copper touch surfaces in reducing environmental bioburden in a South African community healthcare facility. Marais F et al, J Hosp Infect (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.07.010.
Antimicrobial Characteristics of Copper. H T Michels, ASTM Standardization News, October 2006.
https://www.astm.org/SNEWS/OCTOBER_2006/michels_oct06.html
Economics
The Role of Copper Surfaces in Reducing the Incidence of Healthcare-associated infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis .Ignacio Pineda, Richard Hubbard,Francisca Rodríguez. Canadian Journal of Infection Control, Spring 2017
https://ipac-canada.org/photos/custom/CJIC/IPAC_Spring2017_Pineda.pdf
Potential of Copper Alloys to Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital Infection Rates. Michels and Michels, Internal Medicine Review, March 2017
http://internalmedicinereview.org/index.php/imr/article/download/363/pdf
Financial Benefits after the Implementation of Antimicrobial Copper in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). P Efstathiou, E Kouskouni, S Papanikolaou, K Karageorgiou, Z Manolidou, M Tseroni, E Logothetis, C Petropoulou, V Karyoti. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2013, 2(Suppl 1):P369
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-P369
The Economic Assessment of an Environmental Intervention: Discrete Deployment of Copper for Infection Control in ICUs. M Taylor, S Chaplin, York Health Economics Consortium, York, UK, Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2013, 2(Suppl1):P368
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-P368
The Role of Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces in Reducing Healthcare-associated Infections. Panos A Efstathiou, European Infectious Disease, 2011;5(2):125-8
http://www.medical-development.gr/articles/efstathiou.pdf
Guidelines
epic3: National Evidence-Based Guidelines for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections in NHS Hospitals in England. H P Loveday, J A Wilson, R J Pratt, M Golsorkhi, A Tingle, A Baka, J Browne, J Prieto, M Wilcox. Journal of Hospital Infection 86S1 (2014) S1–S70
Laboratory Efficacy
Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on copper touch surfaces determined using a cell culture infectivity assay. Keevil et al., bioRxiv preprint, January 2021
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.02.424974v1.full.pdf
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. van Doremalen, et al. 2020, N Engl J Med; 382; 1564-1567
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmc2004973
Antimicrobial effect of copper surfaces on bacteria isolated from poultry meat. A Parra, M Toro, R Jacob, P Navarrete, M Troncoso, G Figueroa, A Reyes-Jara. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517838217312546#!
Impact of oxidation of copper and its alloys in laboratory-simulated conditions on their antimicrobial efficiency. M Walkowicza, P Osucha, B Smyraka, T Knycha, E Rudnika, L Cieniekb, A Różańskac, A Chmielarczykc, D Romaniszync, M Bulandac. Corrosion Science, August 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X17313963
Antimicrobial efficacy and compatibility of solid copper alloys with chemical disinfectants.Katrin Steinhauer, Sonja Meyer, Jens Pfannebecker, Karin Teckemeyer, Klaus Ockenfeld, Klaus Weber, Barbara Becker. PLOS ONE, August 2018
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200748
Antimicrobial Effect of Copper Alloys on Acinetobacter Species Isolated from Infections and Hospital Environment. Anna Różańska, Agnieszka Chmielarczyk, Dorota Romaniszyn, Grzegorz Majka, Małgorzata Bulanda. BioMed Central, January 2018
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. M Vincent, R E Duval, P Hartemann, M Engels‐Deutsch. Journal of Applied Microbiology, December 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jam.13681
Pure and Oxidized Copper Materials as Potential Antimicrobial Surfaces for Spaceflight Activities. Hahn C., Hans M., Hein C., Mancinelli R.L., Mücklich F., Wirth R., Rettberg P., Hellweg C.E., and Moeller R.. Astrobiology. December 2017, 17(12): 1183-1191.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2016.1620
Life-like Assessment of Antimicrobial Surfaces by a New Touch Transfer Assay Displays Strong Superiority of a Copper Alloy Compared to Silver Containing Surfaces. Knobloch JK-M, Tofern S, Kunz W, SchuÈtze S, Riecke M, Solbach W, et al. PLOS ONE 12(11): e0187442. Nov 2017
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0187442
Antibiotic Resistance, Ability to Form Biofilm and Susceptibility to Copper Alloys of Selected Staphylococcal Strains Isolated from Touch Surfaces in Polish Hospital Wards. A Różańska, A Chmielarczyk, D Romaniszyn, M Bulanda, M Walkowicz, P Osuch and T Knych. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, August 2017
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-017-0240-x
Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Copper Alloys on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Different Simulations of Environmental Conditions: With vs. without Organic Contamination. A Różańska,A Chmielarczyk, D Romaniszyn, A Sroka-Oleksiak, M Bulanda, M Walkowicz, P Osuch, T Knych. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, July 2017
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/7/813
Killing of Bacteria by Copper, Cadmium, and Silver Surfaces Reveals Relevant Physicochemical Parameters. J Luo, C Hein, F Mücklich, M Solioz. Biointerphases 12,020301, 2017
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.4980127
Potential of Copper Alloys to Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital Infection Rates. Michels and Michels, Internal Medicine Review, March 2017
Influence of Copper and its Alloys Against Resistant Strains of Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Isolated from Touch Surfaces of Polish Hospital Units. A. Różańska, A. Chmielarczyk, D. Romaniszyn, M. Bulanda. Journal of Hospital Infection, Supplement 1, November 2016.
https://fis-his2016-abstracts.elsevierdigitaledition.com/#70/z
Small Colony Variants are More Susceptible to Copper-mediated Contact Killing for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus. Sha Liu and Xue-Xian Zhang, Journal of Medical Microbiology (2016), 65, 1143–1151
https://jmm.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000348
Copper Alloys - The New ‘Old’ Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Disease. Harold T. Michels, Corinne A. Michels, Current Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 10 2016
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=10&tid=41&aid=5817&pub=2016&type=3
Antimicrobial Applications of Copper. Marin Vincent, Philippe Hartemann, Marc Engels-Deutsch. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.003
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463916300669
Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. S. L. Warnes and C. W. Keevil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2016, 10.1128/AEM.03861-15
https://aem.asm.org/content/82/7/2132.abstract
Physicochemical Properties of Copper Important for its Antibacterial Activity and Development of a Unified Model. Michael Hans, Salima Mathews, Frank Mücklich and Marc Solioz, Biointerphases 11, 018902 (2016)
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.4935853
Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials. Warnes SL, Little ZR, Keevil CW. 2015. Human coronavirus 229E remains infectious on common touch surface materials. mBio 6(6):e01697-15. doi:10.1128/mBio.01697-15.
https://mbio.asm.org/content/6/6/e01697-15.full
From Laboratory Research to a Clinical Trial: Copper Alloy Surfaces Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital-Acquired Infections. Michels, H.T. 2015. Health Environments Research & Design Journal. 1–16. July 2015
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1937586715592650
Antimicrobial Activity of Copper Alloys Against Invasive Multidrug-Resistant Nosocomial Pathogens. Koseoglu Eser O, Ergin A, Hascelik G, Current Microbiology, 5 June 2015
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00284-015-0840-8
Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs During Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore and L.A. Jaykus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 15 May 2015
https://aem.asm.org/content/81/15/4940.abstract
Antimicrobial Properties of Copper in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Meyer, T.J. 2015. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering. Vol:9, No:3.
Inactivation of Murine Norovirus on a Range of Copper Alloy Surfaces is Accompanied by Loss of Capsid Integrity. S. L. Warnes, E. N. Summersgill and C.W. Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1 December 2014
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25452290
Inactivation of Bacterial and Viral Biothreat Agents on Metallic Copper Surfaces. Pauline Bleichert, Christophe Espirito Santo, Matthias Hanczaruk, Hermann Meyer, Gregor Grass, BioMetals, International Biometals Society, 7 August 2014
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-014-9781-0
Surface Structure Influences Contact Killing of Bacteria by Copper. Marco Zeiger, Marc Solioz, Hervais Edongu, Eduard Arzt & Andreas S. Schneider. MicrobiologyOpen 2014; 3(3): 327–332.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.170
Inactivation of Norovirus on Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. Warnes SL, Keevil CW (2013)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075017#amendment-correction
Norovirus Inactivation on Antimicrobial Touch Surfaces. B Keevil, S Warnes, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2013, 2(Suppl 1):P25.
https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2047-2994-2-S1-P25
Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact is Prevented and Induced on Iron by Copper Ions. Salima Mathews, Michael Hans, Frank Mücklich, Marc Solioz, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2013, Vol 79, No 8. Copyright © American Society for Microbiology. doi:10.1128/AEM.03608-12.
https://aem.asm.org/content/79/8/2605.abstract?sid=0440523b-d956-47a0-a2db-b30fefb29fc0
Antimicrobial activity of copper surfaces against carbapenemase-producing contemporary Gram-negative clinical isolates. Souli M, Galani I, Plachouras D, Panagea T, Armaganidis A, Petrikkos G, Giamarellou H. 2012.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23228934
Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Abiotic Touch Surfaces: Implications for Public Health. Sarah L. Warnes, Callum J Highmore, and C William Keevil, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00489-12 27 November 2012 mBio vol. 3 no. 6 e00489-12
https://mbio.asm.org/content/3/6/e00489-12/article-info
Characterization and Control of the Microbial Community Affiliated with Copper or Aluminum Heat Exchangers of HVAC Systems. Michael G Schmidt, Hubert H Attaway, Silva Terzieva, Anna Marshall, Lisa L Steed, Deborah Salzberg, Hameed A Hamoodi, Jamil A Khan, Charles E Feigley, Harold T Michels. Curr Microbiol, 2012 May 9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00284-012-0137-0
Antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane damage. Christophe Espírito Santo, Davide Quaranta, Gregor Grass. MicrobiologyOpen, Volume 1, Issue 1, pages 46–52, March 2012, DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.2
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.2
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Copper Surfaces in an Outpatient Infectious Disease Practice. Seema Rai, Bruce E Hirsch, Hubert H Attaway, Richard Nadan, S Fairey, J Hardy, G Miller, Donna Armellino, Wilton R Moran, Peter Sharpe, Adam Estelle, J H Michel, Harold T Michels and Michael G Schmidt . Feb 2012
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/663701?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Involves Immediate Membrane Depolarization Followed by Slower Rate of DNA Destruction which Differs from that Observed for Gram-positive Bacteria. S L Warnes, V Caves and C W Keevil, Environmental Healthcare Unit, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.Journal Article: Environmental Microbiology (impact factor: 5.5). 12/2011; DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02677.x PubMed
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci following Wet or Dry Surface Contact. S L Warnes and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2011.
https://aem.asm.org/content/77/17/6049
The Role of Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces in Reducing Healthcare-associated Infections. Panos A Efstathiou, European Infectious Disease, 2011;5(2):125-8
http://www.medical-development.gr/articles/efstathiou.pdf
Science, Technology and Design: Harnessing Copper’s Antimicrobial Power – A Review. Mark Tur, Proceedings of 2011 European Design 4 Health Conference, Sheffield, UK. 13-15th July 2011
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/359004/1/D4H2011_proceedings_v5a.pdf#page=329
Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces. C Espírito Santo, E W Lam, C G Elowsky, D Quaranta, D W Domaille, C J Chang, and G Grass, 2011. Bacterial killing by dry metallic copper surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77: 794-802
https://aem.asm.org/content/77/3/794.abstract
Mechanisms of Contact-Mediated Killing of Yeast Cells on Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces. Davide Quaranta, Travis Krans, Christophe Espírito Santo, Christian G Elowsky, Dylan W Domaille, Christopher J Chang, Gregor Grass, Applied & Environmental Microbiology. Jan. 2011, p.416–426 Vol. 77, No. 2 0099-2240/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/AEM.01704-10 ASM
https://aem.asm.org/content/77/2/416.short
Biocidal Efficacy of Copper Alloys against Pathogenic Enterococci Involves Degradation of Genomic and Plasmid DNA. S L Warnes, S M Green, H T Michels, C W Keevil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.03050-09, 2010
https://aem.asm.org/content/76/16/5390.abstract
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Efficacy of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Challenged Antimicrobial Materials Containing Silver and Copper. H T Michels, J O Noyce, and C W Keevil, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 49 (2009) 191-195
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207284?dopt=Citation
Potential for Preventing Spread of Fungi in Air-Conditioning Systems Constructed Using Copper Instead of Aluminium. L Weaver, H T Michels, C W Keevil, Letters in Applied Microbiology ISSN 0266-8254 (2010) 50 (1): 18. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02753.x. PMID 19943884.
http://www.copperairquality.org/research/documents/fungi.pdf
Antimicrobial surfaces and their potential in reducing the role of the inanimate environment in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections. Kristopher Page, Michael Wilson and Ivan P Parkin, University College London. January 2009. J. Mater. Chem. 2009 DOI: 10.1039/b818698g
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/jm/b818698g#!divAbstract
The antimicrobial properties of copper surfaces against a range of important nosocomial pathogens. S W J Gould, M D Fielder, A F Kelly, M Morgan, J Kenny, D P Naughton,Annals of Microbiology, 59 (1) 151-156 (2009)
http://publications.icr.ac.uk/7815/
Antimicrobial Properties of Copper Alloy Surfaces, with a Focus on Hospital-Acquired Infections. H Michels, W Moran and J Michel, International Journal of Metalcasting, Summer 2008, pp 47-56
http://www.tistrip.be/websites/uploadfolder/75/cms/images/effet_ab_sur_bact_hospi.pdf
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Copper Surfaces Against Spores and Vegetative Cells of Clostridium Difficile: The Germination Theory. L. J. Wheeldon, T. Worthington, P. A. Lambert, A. C. Hilton, C. J. Lowden and T. S. J. Elliott, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008 62(3):522-525; doi:10.1093/jac/dkn219.
https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/62/3/522/732872
Survival of Clostridium difficile on copper and steel: futuristic options for hospital hygiene. L Weaver, H T Michels, and C W Keevil, Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol 68, Issue 2, pp 145-151, February 2008
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207284?dopt=Citation
The antimicrobial activity of copper and copper alloys against nosocomial pathogens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from healthcare facilities in the Western Cape: an in-vitro study . S Mehtar, I Wiid, and S D TodorovJournal of Hospital Infection, Vol. 68, Issue 1, pp 45-51, January 2008
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18069086?dopt=Abstract
Inactivation of Influenza A Virus on Copper versus Stainless Steel Surfaces. J O Noyce, H Michels and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, pp 2748 - 2750, Vol 73, No 8, April 2007
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1855605/
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on metal surfaces: implications for cross-contamination. S A Wilks, H T Michels and C W Keevil, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 111, September (2006), pp 93-98.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16876278?dopt=AbstractPlus
Antimicrobial Characteristics of Copper. H T Michels, ASTM Standardization News, October 2006.
https://www.astm.org/SNEWS/OCTOBER_2006/michels_oct06.html
Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. J O Noyce, H Michels and C W Keevil, Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol 63, Issue 3, pp 289-297, July 2006
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650507?dopt=AbstractPlus
Use of Copper Cast Alloys to Control Escherichia coli O157 Cross Contamination during Food Processing. J O Noyce, H Michels, and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, pp 4239-4244, June 2006.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489622/?tool=pubmed
The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces. S A Wilks, H Michels and C W Keevil, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 105 (2005), pp 445-454.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253366?dopt=AbstractPlus
Copper Alloys for Human Infectious Disease Control. H T Michels, J P Noyce, S A Wilks and C W Keevil. Copper for the 21st Century, Materials Science & Technology 2005 (MS&T’05) Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 25-28, 2005, ASM, ACerS, AIST, AWS, TMS, ISSN: 1546-2498
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.559.9650
Inactivation of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in traditional brass and earthenware water storage vessels. P Tandon, S Chibber and R Reed, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2005) 88:35-4, 14pp
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10482-004-7366-6
Mechanism
Antimicrobial effect of copper surfaces on bacteria isolated from poultry meat. A Parra, M Toro, R Jacob, P Navarrete, M Troncoso, G Figueroa, A Reyes-Jara. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, August 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1517838217312546#!
Impact of oxidation of copper and its alloys in laboratory-simulated conditions on their antimicrobial efficiency. M Walkowicza, P Osucha, B Smyraka, T Knycha, E Rudnika, L Cieniekb, A Różańskac, A Chmielarczykc, D Romaniszync, M Bulandac. Corrosion Science, August 2018
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X17313963
Antimicrobial efficacy and compatibility of solid copper alloys with chemical disinfectants. Katrin Steinhauer, Sonja Meyer, Jens Pfannebecker, Karin Teckemeyer, Klaus Ockenfeld, Klaus Weber, Barbara Becker. PLOS ONE, August 2018
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200748
Antimicrobial Effect of Copper Alloys on Acinetobacter Species Isolated from Infections and Hospital Environment . Anna Różańska, Agnieszka Chmielarczyk, Dorota Romaniszyn, Grzegorz Majka, Małgorzata Bulanda. BioMed Central, January 2018
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. M Vincent, R E Duval, P Hartemann, M Engels‐Deutsch. Journal of Applied Microbiology, December 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jam.13681
Killing of Bacteria by Copper, Cadmium, and Silver Surfaces Reveals Relevant Physicochemical Parameters. J Luo, C Hein, F Mücklich, M Solioz. Biointerphases 12,020301, 2017.
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.4980127
Small Colony Variants are More Susceptible to Copper-mediated Contact Killing for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus. Sha Liu and Xue-Xian Zhang, Journal of Medical Microbiology (2016), 65, 1143–1151
https://jmm.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.000348
Copper Alloys - The New ‘Old’ Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Disease. Harold T. Michels, Corinne A. Michels, Current Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 10 2016
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=10&tid=41&aid=5817&pub=2016&type=3
Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. S. L. Warnes and C. W. Keevil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2016, 10.1128/AEM.03861-15
https://aem.asm.org/content/82/7/2132.abstract
Physicochemical Properties of Copper Important for its Antibacterial Activity and Development of a Unified Model. Michael Hans, Salima Mathews, Frank Mücklich and Marc Solioz, Biointerphases 11, 018902 (2016)
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.4935853
Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials. Warnes SL, Little ZR, Keevil CW. 2015. Human coronavirus 229E remains infectious on common touch surface materials. mBio 6(6):e01697-15. doi:10.1128/mBio.01697-15.
https://mbio.asm.org/content/6/6/e01697-15.full
Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs During Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper. C. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore and L.A. Jaykus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 15 May 2015
https://aem.asm.org/content/81/15/4940.full
Inactivation of Murine Norovirus on a Range of Copper Alloy Surfaces is Accompanied by Loss of Capsid Integrity. S. L. Warnes, E. N. Summersgill and C.W. Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1 December 2014
https://aem.asm.org/content/81/3/1085
Surface Structure Influences Contact Killing of Bacteria by Copper. Marco Zeiger, Marc Solioz, Hervais Edongu, Eduard Arzt & Andreas S. Schneider. MicrobiologyOpen 2014; 3(3): 327–332.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.170
Inactivation of Norovirus on Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. Warnes SL, Keevil CW (2013)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075017#amendment-correction
Contact Killing of Bacteria on Copper is Suppressed if Bacterial-Metal Contact is Prevented and Induced on Iron by Copper Ions. Salima Mathews, Michael Hans, Frank Mücklich, Marc Solioz, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2013, Vol 79, No 8. Copyright © American Society for Microbiology. doi:10.1128/AEM.03608-12.
https://aem.asm.org/content/79/8/2605.abstract?sid=0440523b-d956-47a0-a2db-b30fefb29fc0
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Involves Immediate Membrane Depolarization Followed by Slower Rate of DNA Destruction which Differs from that Observed for Gram-positive Bacteria. S L Warnes, V Caves and C W Keevil, Environmental Healthcare Unit, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.Journal Article: Environmental Microbiology (impact factor: 5.5). 12/2011 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51886538_Mechanism_of_copper_surface_toxicity_in_Escherichia_coli_O157H7_and_Salmonella_involves_immediate_membrane_depolarization_followed_by_slower_rate_of_DNA_destruction_which_differs_from_that_observed_fo
Mechanism of Copper Surface Toxicity in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci following Wet or Dry Surface Contact. S L Warnes and C W Keevil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2011.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165410/
Biocidal Efficacy of Copper Alloys against Pathogenic Enterococci Involves Degradation of Genomic and Plasmid DNA. S L Warnes, S M Green, H T Michels, C W Keevil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.03050-09, 2010
https://aem.asm.org/content/76/16/5390.abstract
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Copper Surfaces Against Spores and Vegetative Cells of Clostridium Difficile: The Germination Theory. L. J. Wheeldon, T. Worthington, P. A. Lambert, A. C. Hilton, C. J. Lowden and T. S. J. Elliott, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008 62(3):522-525; doi:10.1093/jac/dkn219.
https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/62/3/522/732872
Reviews
Antimicrobial surfaces to prevent healthcare-associated infections: a systematic review: a different view. Schmidt MG, Salgado CD, Freeman KD, John Jr. JF, Cantey RJ, Sharpe PA, Michels HT. Journal of Hospital Infection, February 2018
https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(18)30099-9/pdf
Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. M Vincent, R E Duval, P Hartemann, M Engels‐Deutsch. Journal of Applied Microbiology, December 2017
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jam.13681
The Role of Copper Surfaces in Reducing the Incidence of Healthcare-associated infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ignacio Pineda, Richard Hubbard,Francisca Rodríguez. Canadian Journal of Infection Control, Spring 2017
https://ipac-canada.org/photos/custom/CJIC/IPAC_Spring2017_Pineda.pdf
Potential of Copper Alloys to Kill Bacteria and Reduce Hospital Infection Rates. Michels and Michels, Internal Medicine Review, March 2017
http://internalmedicinereview.org/index.php/imr/article/download/363/pdf
Copper Alloys - The New ‘Old’ Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Disease. Harold T. Michels, Corinne A. Michels, Current Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 10 2016
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=10&tid=41&aid=5817&pub=2016&type=3
Antimicrobial Applications of Copper. Marin Vincent, Philippe Hartemann, Marc Engels-Deutsch. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.003
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463916300669
Physicochemical Properties of Copper Important for its Antibacterial Activity and Development of a Unified Model. Michael Hans, Salima Mathews, Frank Mücklich and Marc Solioz, Biointerphases 11, 018902 (2016)
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/1.4935853
Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs During Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper. C. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore and L.A. Jaykus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 15 May 2015
https://aem.asm.org/content/81/15/4940.abstract
Understanding the Role of Facility Design in the Acquisition and Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections. Health Environments and Research Design Journal, Vol 7, Supplement, 2013
http://digimags.vendomegrp.com/html/HERD-Supplement/HERD_Special.pdf
Evaluation of New In Vitro Efficacy Test for Antimicrobial Surface Activity Reflecting UK Hospital Conditions. M Ojeil, C Jermann, J Holah, S P Denyer, J-Y Maillard. Sept 2013
Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? O’Gorman J, Humphreys H, Journal of Hospital Infection (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.009.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.4024&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Control and Mitigation of Healthcare-Acquired Infections. Peter A Sharpe, MBA, EDAC, and Michael G Schmidt, MA, PhD. Control and mitigation of healthcare-acquired infections: Designing clinical trials to evaluate new materials and technologies. Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 5(1), 94-115. 2011.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/06cc/48d26c1a3bca289d3c5b87e1953724f08e08.pdf
Science, Technology and Design: Harnessing Copper’s Antimicrobial Power – A Review. Mark Tur, Proceedings of 2011 European Design 4 Health Conference, Sheffield, UK. 13-15th July 2011
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/359004/1/D4H2011_proceedings_v5a.pdf#page=329
Antimicrobial surfaces and their potential in reducing the role of the inanimate environment in the incidence of hospital-acquired infections. Kristopher Page, Michael Wilson and Ivan P Parkin, University College London. January 2009. J. Mater. Chem. 2009 DOI: 10.1039/b818698g
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2009/jm/b818698g#!divAbstract
Antimicrobial Characteristics of Copper. H T Michels, ASTM Standardization News, October 2006.
*Laboratory testing shows that, when cleaned regularly, antimicrobial copper surfaces kill greater than 99.9% of the following bacteria within 2 hours of exposure: MRSA, VRE, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E. coli O157:H7. Antimicrobial copper surfaces are a supplement to and not a substitute for standard infection control practices and have been shown to reduce microbial contamination, but do not necessarily prevent cross contamination or infections; users must continue to follow all current infection control practices.